4
Switched Capacitor
Voltage Converters
TC828A
TC828A-1 5/1/00
Capacitor Selection
In order to maintain the lowest output resistance and
output ripple voltage, it is recommended that low ESR
capacitors be used. Additionally, larger values of C1 will
lower the output resistance and larger values of C2 will
reduce output ripple. (See Equation 1(b)).
Table 1 shows various values of C1 and the correspond-
ing output resistance values @ +25
°C. It assumes a 0.1
ESRC1 and 2 RSW. Table 2 shows the output voltage ripple
for various values of C2. The VRIPPLE values assume 10mA
output load current and 0.1
ESRC2.
Table 1. Output Resistance vs. C1 (ESR = 0.1
)
C1(
F)
ROUT (
)
0.1
850
1
100
3.3
42
10
25
47
18.3
100
17.3
Table 2. Output Voltage Ripple vs. C2 (ESR = 0.1
) I
OUT 10mA
C2(
F)
VRIPPLE (mV)
1
835
3.3
254
10
85
47
19.7
100
10.3
Input Supply Bypassing
The VIN input should be capacitively bypassed to reduce
AC impedance and minimize noise effects due to the switch-
ing internal to the device. The recommended capacitor
depends on the configuration of the TC828A.
If the device is loaded from OUT to GND it is recom-
mended that a large value capacitor (at least equal to C1) be
connected from the input to GND. If the device is loaded
from IN to OUT a small (0.1
F) capacitor from IN to OUT is
sufficient.
Voltage Inverter
The most common application for charge pump devices
is the inverter (Figure 3). This application uses two external
capacitors – C1 and C2 (plus a power supply bypass
capacitor, if necessary). The output is equal to V–
IN plus any
voltage drops due to loading. Refer to Table 1 and Table 2
for capacitor selection.
Cascading Devices
Two or more TC828As can be cascaded to increase
output voltage (Figure 4). If the output is lightly loaded, it will
be close to (– 2 x VIN) but will droop at least by ROUT of the
first device multiplied by the IQ of the second. It can be seen
that the output resistance rises rapidly for multiple cascaded
devices. For large negative voltage requirements see the
TC682 or TCM680 data sheets.
Paralleling Devices
To reduce the value of ROUT, multiple TC828As can be
connected in parallel (Figure 5). The output resistance will
be reduced by a factor of N where N is the number of
TC828As. Each device will require it’s own pump capacitor
(C1), but all devices may share one reservoir capacitor (C2).
However, to preserve ripple performance the value of C2
should be scaled according to the number of paralleled
TC828As.
Figure 3. Test Circuit
C1
C2
5
4
3
4
1
2
1
3
C2
V
IN
V
OUT
V
OUT = –nVIN
+
TC828
“1”
TC828
“N”
. . .
Figure 4. Cascading TC828As to Increase Output Voltage
3
2
4
5
1
C3
10
F*
C1
10
F*
C2
10
F*
V
IN
V
OUT
R
L
TC828
C1–
IN
OUT
C1+
GND
Voltage Inverter