Copyright
ANPEC Electronics Corp.
Rev. A.7 - Mar., 2008
APW7066
26
Application Information (Cont.)
PWM Compensation (Cont.)
5.Set the second pole FP2 at half the switching
frequency and also set the second zero FZ2 at the
output LC filter double pole FLC. The compensation
gain should not exceed the error amplifier open
loop gain, check the compensation gain at FP2
with the capabilities of the error amplifier.
FP2 = 0.5xFO
FZ2 = FLC
Combine the two equations will get the following
component calculations:
1
2xF
F
R1
R3
LC
S
=
S
F
R3
1
C3
×
π
=
Gain
0
FLC
FESR
FP2=0.5FS
FZ1=0.75FLC
FO
Frequency
PWM & Filter
Gain
Compensation
Gain
Converter
Gain
FZ2=FLC
FP1=FESR
20log
(VIN/ VOSC)
20log
(R2/R1)
Open Loop Error
Amp Gain
Figure 13. Converter Gain & Frequency
IN
OUT
S
OUT
IN
RIPPLE
V
L
F
V
I
×
=
VOUT = IRIPPLE x ESR
Output Inductor Selection
The inductor value determines the inductor ripple
current and affects the load transient response. Higher
inductor value reduces the inductor
’s ripple current and
induces lower output ripple voltage. The ripple current
and ripple voltage can be approximated by:
where Fs is the switching frequency of the regulator.
Although increase the inductor value and frequency
reduce the ripple current and voltage, but there is a
tradeoff exists between the inductor
’s ripple current
and the regulator load transient response time.
A smaller inductor will give the regulator a faster load
transient response at the expense of higher ripple
current. Increasing the switching frequency (FS) also
reduces the ripple current and voltage, but it will
increase the switching loss of the MOSFET and the
power dissipation of the converter. The maximum ripple
current occurs at the maximum input voltage. A good
starting point is to choose the ripple current to be
approximately 30% of the maximum output current.
Once the inductance value has been chosen, select
an inductor that is capable of carrying the required
peak current without going into saturation. In some
types of inductors, especially core that is made of
ferrite, the ripple current will increase abruptly when it
saturates. This will result in a larger output ripple
voltage.
Output Capacitor Selection
Higher Capacitor value and lower ESR reduce the
output ripple and the load transient drop. Therefore
select high performance low ESR capacitors that are
intended for switching regulator applications. In some
applications, multiple capacitors have to be parallel to
achieve the desired ESR value. A small decoupling
capacitor in parallel for bypassing the noise is also
recommended, and the voltage rating of the output
capacitors are also must be considered. If tantalum
capacitors are used, make sure they are surge tested
by the manufactures. If in doubt, consult the capacitors
manufacturer.
Input Capacitor Selection
The input capacitor is chosen based on the voltage