Data Sheet
AD5934
Rev. C | Page 17 of 32
GAIN FACTOR TEMPERATURE VARIATION
The typical impedance error variation with temperature is in
with a variation in temperature for 100 k impedance using a
2-point gain factor calibration.
101.5
98.5
54
66
05325-
087
FREQUENCY (kHz)
IM
PE
DANCE
(k
)
101.0
100.5
100.0
99.5
99.0
56
58
60
62
64
+125°C
+25°C
–40°C
VDD = 3.3V
CALIBRATION FREQUENCY = 60kHz
MEASURED CALIBRATION IMPEDANCE = 100k
Figure 21. Impedance Profile Variation with Temperature Using a
2-Point Gain Factor Calibration
IMPEDANCE ERROR
which highlights a method to improve accuracy. The EVAL-
AD5933EBZ board can be used to evaluate the
AD5934performance.
MEASURING THE PHASE ACROSS AN IMPEDANCE
separate real and imaginary components. The real component is
stored at Register Address 0x94 and Register Address 0x95, and
the imaginary component is stored at Register Address 0x96
and Register Address 0x97 after each sweep measurement. These
correspond to the real and imaginary components of the DFT
and not the resistive and reactive components of the impedance
under test.
For example, it is a common misconception to assume that if a
user was analyzing a series RC circuit that the real value stored
in Register Address 0x94 and Register Address 0x95 and the
imaginary value stored in Register Address 0x96 and Register
Address 0x97 would correspond to the resistance and capacitive
reactance, respectfully. However, this is incorrect because the
magnitude of the impedance (|Z|) can be calculated by calculating
the magnitude of the real and imaginary components of the
DFT given by the following formula:
2
I
R
Magnitude
+
=
After each measurement, multiply it by the calibration term and
invert the product. Therefore, the magnitude of the impedance
is given by the following formula:
Magnitude
Factor
Gain
Impedance
×
=
1
Where the gain factor is given by
Magnitude
Impedance
1
Code
Admittance
Factor
Gain
=
=
The user must calibrate the
AD5934 system for a known
impedance range to determine the gain factor before any valid
measurement can take place. Therefore, the user must know
the impedance limits of the complex impedance (ZUNKNOWN) for
the sweep frequency range of interest. The gain factor is simply
determined by placing a known impedance between the input/
output of th
e AD5934 and measuring the resulting magnitude of
the code. T
he AD5934 system gain settings need to be chosen to
place the excitation signal in the linear region of the on-board ADC.
Because t
he AD5934 returns a complex output code made up of
real and imaginary components, the user is also able to calculate
the phase of the response signal through the signal path of the
AD5934. The phase is given by the following formula:
Phase (rads) = tan1(I/R)
(3)
The phase measured by Equation 3 accounts for the phase
shift introduced to the DDS output signal as it passes through the
internal amplifiers on the transmit and receive side of th
e AD5934,along with the low-pass filter, and also the impedance connected
The parameters of interest for many users are the magnitude of
the impedance (|ZUNKNOWN|) and the impedance phase (Z).The
measurement of the impedance phase (Z) is a 2-step process.
The first step involves calculating th
e AD5934 system phase.
The
AD5934 system phase can be calculated by placing a
resistor across the VOUT and VIN pins of the
AD5934 and
calculating the phase (using Equation 3) after each measurement
point in the sweep. By placing a resistor across the VOUT and
VIN pins, there is no additional phase lead or lag introduced to
t
he AD5934 signal path, and the resulting phase is due entirely
to the internal poles of the
AD5934, that is, the system phase.
Once the system phase is calibrated using a resistor, the second
step involves calculating the phase of any unknown impedance
can be calculated by inserting the unknown impedance between
the VIN and VOUT terminals of t
he AD5934 and recalculating
the new phase (including the phase due to the impedance) using
the same formula. The phase of the unknown impedance (Z)
is given by
Z = (Φunknown system
)
where:
system
is the phase of the system with a calibration resistor
connected between VIN and VOUT.
Φunknown is the phase of the system with the unknown
impedance connected between VIN and VOUT.
Z is the phase due to the impedance, that is, the impedance phase.