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12
Lucent Technologies Inc.
Data Sheet
September 1999
Cordless Telephony—Version 2.0
W9009 RF Transceiver for 900 MHz
Testing and Application of the W9009 (continued)
Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (continued)
The frequency of oscillation is set by the resonance of the tank made up of CINT and LEFF. CINT has a nominal
value of 0.58 pF, requiring an LEFF of 13.0 nH for an 1830 MHz oscillation frequency. LEFF is composed of inductors
L3 and L4, common anode dual varactor C3 (such as Alpha SMV1233-003), plus trace inductance, pad capaci-
tance, and loading of the chokes L1, L2, and resistors R1 and R2. L1 and L2 are 15 nH chip inductors, which are
resonant (high-impedance) near or just above the operating frequencies. R1 and R2 are 39
and used to prevent
a second resonance through L1 and L2. Bypass capacitors C1 and C2 are each 47 pF, with C1 as close to the
VREG pin as possible and C2 as close to the virtual ground node connecting R1 and R2 as possible. Suggested val-
ues of L3 and L4 are 5.6 nH to 6.8 nH, depending on the layout (line length, line width, and location of ground
planes and other traces).
As mentioned before, the VCO uses a fully differential topology. This topology offers better immunity to noise, inter-
ference, and transients on the board and on the chip than single-ended topologies. This is because these distur-
bances occur as common-mode signals and are rejected, while the desired differential mode signals are allowed to
propagate through the circuit. This also places the constraint of symmetry on the external VCO tank circuits. Asym-
metries result in slightly different impedances in the two branches of the circuit. Different impedances create differ-
ent coupling strengths for the two branches to external signals. The external signals may then be coupled
differentially into the VCO, resulting in degraded phase noise, reference sideband suppression, and frequency pull-
ing.
The synthesizer loop filter is also referenced to the regulator output, rather than ground. Since the cathodes of the
varactors C3 are referenced to VREG, referencing the loop filter to VREG allows any transients or disturbances on
VREG to propagate through the loop filter’s integrator capacitor and onto the anode of the varactor, which reduces
VCO frequency pulling.
The LO is applied to a dual modulus 64/65 prescaler, with single-ended modulus control input MC and emitter fol-
lower output PRESOUT. The modulus control input is one side of a differential pair, with the other side internally
biased at 1.44 volts, and is directly connected to the synthesizer modulus control output. The prescaler output is
nominally 1.0 Vp-p and must be AC coupled through C4 (1000 pF) to the high-impedance input of the synthesizer.
The W9009 has an internal 2.5 V regulator for the VCO circuitry. The regulator isolates the oscillator from noise or
variations on the main system supply. The VREG pin is present to bias the collectors of the VCO differential pair
through off-chip inductors. It is designed to supply current only to the internal circuits and the VCOP and VCON
pins. No other circuitry should draw current from the VREG pin.